Rtl Implementation Of Secure Hash Algorithm 3 (Sha-3) Towards Smaller Area

Secure data transfer has been the most challenging task for Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Data integrity must be ensured before and after the data transmission. Cryptographic hash functions are generally the basis of a secure network and used for data integrity verification. Cryptographic hash functions carried out processes such as identity verification, file integrity checking, secure key passing, and source code version control. Among all of the cryptography measures, Secure Hash Algorithm 3 (SHA-3) is the newest and secure cryptographic hash algorithm in the current electronic industry. In the previous Intel Microelectronic SHA-3 design, the synthesized area of the design is large due to many intermediate states and logics of the step mapping functions. The objective of this project is to design a synthesizable SHA-3 with 256-bits hash output and 1600-bits state array with lower area compared to Intel Microelectronic SHA-3. This research implements the SHA-3 in ways such that all the step mapping algorithms are logically combined to only use the input lanes of the state array to eliminate the intermediate logics and reduces the area size. Functionality verification is done using the test case provided by National Institute Standards and Technology (NIST). Two squeezing phases are tested to ensure the functionality of design. Final design of SHA-3 in this research can achieve area reduction by 12.57%, the cell count reduction by 24.35%, the critical path length reduction by 18.84%, and reduction of the clock cycles needed to generate the hash output by 75%. In conclusion, the SHA-3 with smaller area and higher performance has been designed and is possible to cater the needs of IoT application

Emerging technologies for the clean recovery of antioxidants from microalgae

Microalgae are evaluated as a rich and sustainable source of natural bioactive compounds with therapeutic properties. They include fatty acids, chlorophylls, carotenoids, phycobiliproteins, polyphenols, and vitamins, which have a commercial relevance for the potential applications as natural additives or active ingredients in food, feed, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical products. Conventional extraction of these high value compounds from microalgae is traditionally conducted via with organic or aqueous solvents following the dry or wet route. However, these methods are time consuming a may require large amounts of solvent, relatively high temperature that may cause loss of valuable compounds and lead to low extraction yields and selectivity (purity). In light of these drawbacks, the challenge is the development of more sustainable, environmental friendly extracting technologies enabling high recovery yields and selectivity with reduced operative costs. This chapter provides an overview of the microalgae-derived compounds with potential therapeutic properties and details the most advanced extraction techniques for the future microalgae biorefinery. To this end, the chapter first covers the common steps of the biorefinery process of microalgae that integrate different technologies for the sustainable recovery of a gamut of valuable compounds with suitable quality and sufficient quantities. Then the chapter extensively details the conventional and emerging extraction technologies based on the use of electrotechnologies (pulsed electric fields, moderate fields, and high voltage electric discharges), liquid pressurization, supercritical fluids, microwaves, ultrasounds, as well as high-pressure homogenization, highlighting advantages and drawbacks with respect to their potential for the future microalgae biorefinery. The general discussion includes the detailed analysis of the extraction efficiency of these technologies, when used alone or in a hurdle or cascade approach, in terms of recovery yield of target biomolecules with antioxidant properties and purity (selectivity) of the extract